Newswise — When astronomers point their telescopes to the heavens, they tend to look toward the light. They may search for the pin pricks of shining stars, the billowing of cold gas clouds, the faint heat of a star nursery or the rhythmic blaze of a pulsar. These faint signals of light beckon in a universe that is mostly dark.

In fact, the visible bits only account for 5% of the universe, while the dark side makes up the other 95%.

Now, an ongoing experiment at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility is aiming a spotlight into this so-called hidden dark sector. It aims to uncover hints of particles that interact with the dark by catching their light. 

“You underestimate the power of the dark side.”

Most of our universe is currently thought to be composed of dark matter and dark energy. While the dark sector isn’t visible to light microscopes, its existence is inferred by how it affects the stars and galaxies we study.

Currently, it’s thought that fully 27% of our universe is dark matter. This is matter that, as far as we know, isn’t made of the ordinary particles found in the Standard Model, the theoretical framework that nuclear physicists use to describe the subatomic particles that build our visible universe, such as protons and neutrons.

According to Liping Gan, the Jefferson Lab Eta Factory (JEF) experiment aims to capture hints of particles that connect the light and dark sides. Gan is a professor at the University of North Carolina, Wilmington, and a spokesperson for the JEF experiment. She says one of the goals of the experiment is to produce and capture hints of dark matter particles.

“One of the first ones is to search for dark gauge bosons. And that will give us some clue about the properties of the dark sector,” she said. 

If they do exist, dark gauge bosons would be rare examples of particles that can interact with the ordinary particles described in the Standard Model, as well as the mysterious dark matter particles.

To search for these bosons, ironically, the physicists will be looking for faint signals of light. 

“There’s no such thing as ‘the unknown’, only things temporarily hidden, temporarily not understood.”

The experiment will be carried out with the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility, a DOE Office of Science user facility accessed by more than 1,700 nuclear physicists worldwide to study the nature of matter.

The original GlueX Forward Calorimeter, as installed in Jefferson Lab’s Experimental Hall D. (Aileen Devlin / Jefferson Lab)

In the experiment, the CEBAF accelerator will generate a beam of energetic electrons and direct them into a diamond crystal. There, the electrons stimulate the diamond to release highly energetic light particles, or photons. These tiny but mighty particles of light then barrel into a target made of hydrogen. 

Hydrogen atoms are the simplest element to explore: a single proton makes up the atom’s nucleus, while the motion of a single electron forms the atom’s outer perimeter. The interactions of those photons with hydrogen’s protons spawn additional particles that will then enter detectors, where many of them can be measured.

JEF experimenters are most interested in producing the eta (η) meson. Like the proton, the η meson is made of a combination of smaller particles called quarks and gluons. But unlike the proton, the η isn’t stable. Instead, it will fall apart, or decay, into other particles in about half of an attosecond (5×10-19 seconds).

“Then our goal becomes looking for a decay. There are very many different decay channels we are going to measure, because a different decay channel tells us a different part of the physics,” explained Gan. 

According to Simon Taylor, a Jefferson Lab staff scientist and spokesperson for the JEF experiment, the experimenters are looking for rare decays.

“And a particular rare decay that we’ve been focusing on is a four-photon final state,” he said. 

“Only 18 out of 10,000 will decay to this. Most of the etas will decay into two gammas. So that’s why we call it rare reaction or rare decays, it happens only for a small fraction of the experiment,” Gan said.

The most interesting decay channels in this experiment are when η may produce a dark gauge boson. Dark gauge bosons are thought to be both exceedingly rare and short-lived. They, too, will decay away into other particles in the tiniest of fractions of a second. 

“These other particles include photons of light. We don’t know if these dark gauge bosons exist or will be produced in these decays, but this decay mode will allow us to search for them,” said Taylor.

The researchers will sift through the data they collect to see if they can discover unexpected peaks in their data, where there are more four-photon groupings than they expect. This will trigger intensive analysis to determine if each of these “bumps” is a tell-tale sign of the η meson decay.

Justin Stevens is the Wilson & Martha Claiborne Stephens associate professor of physics at William & Mary and spokesperson for phase two of the Gluonic Excitations Experiment (GlueX-II). The JEF and GlueX-II experiments are running concurrently using the same apparatus. He explained that one of the biggest challenges the two experiments face is finding those tell-tale bumps of interest inside the ginormous amount of data that will be generated. 

For context, 50 million light photons slam into the hydrogen target every second during the run. Each one has the potential to generate a few to dozens of particles that will stream into the detectors, all at once.

“We are getting something like 5 to 10 times higher luminosity in total compared to the original phase of GlueX,” Stevens said.

Taylor said that there are also other issues that will make finding a rare bump a challenge.

“It can get confused with other reactions,” Taylor explained. “Photons are detected by reconstructing the electromagnetic showers they produce in a calorimeter.  Some tiny fraction of the time, one or more of the photons disappear down the beam line or in a hole in the detector. Or two very close showers of particles may merge in the calorimeter together.”

To ensure the researchers would be able to capture these rare reactions, they needed to optimize one of their main detectors. An upgrade would ensure the detector can measure the photons it catches to such accuracy, the physicists could be sure they are capturing signals from a potential dark gauge boson and not from the remnants of incoming photons or from other reactions.

“You can’t stop the signal, Mal. Everything goes somewhere.”

For this experiment, the JEF collaboration upgraded the existing GlueX Forward Calorimeter (FCAL) to improve its resolution and hardiness. 

A view of the FCAL system during the upgrade. (Aileen Devlin / Jefferson Lab)

FCAL originally consisted of 2,800 lead glass scintillating modules connected to photomultiplier tubes. Each module has a 4 cm square face to collect the incoming particles produced in the experiment. These modules were designed to capture incoming particles and convert them into showers of light as the particles travel down their 45 cm length. This light can then be measured by the photomultiplier tubes and converted into signals that are recorded as data.

The upgrade removed 440 of the lead glass modules at the center of the detector and replaced them with 1,596 smaller lead tungstate (PbWO4) crystals. The new crystals feature only a 2 cm square face and extend 20 cm in length. They form a central square inside the new Eta Calorimeter (ECAL) that is surrounded by 2,360 of the original lead glass modules. 

A lead glass scintillating module (left) with a lead tungstate (PbWO4) crystal (right) are shown here inside Experimental Hall D. (Aileen Devlin / Jefferson Lab)

Zisis Papandreou is a JEF experiment spokesperson and a professor and head of the physics department at the University of Regina in Saskatchewan Canada. He compared the upgraded detector to a digital camera.

“Essentially, we’re reconstructing something akin to an image. If you have a larger number of smaller pixels, you can improve the resolution in the image,” he said.

The new lead tungstate crystals are also radiation-hard, which means they can better withstand the onslaught of particles generated in experiments than the original lead glass modules. Centering the new crystal modules closest to the target allows them to take the brunt of the onslaught, protecting the lead glass modules from the highest-energy particles and resulting in a longer overall detector lifetime.

Funded by the lab, the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation, the upgrade of FCAL to ECAL cost about $5 million. Several work groups at the lab also contributed to the upgrade, including the Radiation Detector & Imaging group, the Detector Support group, the Radiation Control Department, and the Fast Electronics group. 

After four years of R&D, the full-scale upgrade took about three years to complete, beginning in 2022 and wrapping up in early 2025. According to Alexander Somov, a staff scientist at Jefferson Lab and a spokesperson for the JEF experiment who led the ECAL construction, the detector has already proven its versatility.

“It is the largest lead-tungstate crystal calorimeter in the U.S., and it’s been successfully commissioned and integrated,” said Somov. “It took a few weeks to commission, and all modules are operational. It was working fine for the first run of approximately five months.”

ECAL was successfully commissioned in April 2025, with data acquired for JEF and GlueX-II in late spring and summer 2025. So far, the detector has collected about 75 days of data as counted by the Program Advisory Committee for the two experiments.

“And the first results we’re getting show that the performance of ECAL is in good agreement with our basic expectations. But there’s more analysis to come,” said Somov.

University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNCW) Physics Professor Liping Gan, George Washington University undergraduate student Olivia Nippe-Jeakins, UNCW undergraduate students Shane Whaley and Ben Simpson, Jefferson Lab Hall D Staff Scientist Alexander “Sasha” Somov, and UNCW postdoc Laveen Puthiya Veetil pose for a photo inside Jefferson Lab’s Experimental Hall D. (Aileen Devlin | Jefferson Lab)

The upgraded detector has also served as a training ground for undergraduate physics majors interested in pursuing a career in nuclear physics. In all, 28 undergraduate students from the JEF experiment’s 11 collaborating universities participated in ECAL fabrication, installation and commissioning. The project also involved three graduate students, six postdoctoral nuclear physicists and one visiting scientist. 

“These are valuable experiences to undergraduates and then later on, they go to graduate school and some of them already were talking about going to a university that has GlueX collaborators. So, the hardware work is an absolutely amazing experience for students,” said Papandreou.

“You built a time machine? Out of a DeLorean?”

The second and final run for these experiments is currently scheduled to resume this summer. In it, the collaborators also aim to collect data that may reveal new clues to our understanding of other phenomena, such as why matter beat out antimatter in the first second of the early universe.

George Washington University undergraduate Quinn Stefan, left, and graduate student Phoebe Sharp, right, monitor experiment progress inside the Experimental Hall D counting house at Jefferson Lab in Newport News, Va., on June 17, 2025. (Aileen Devlin | Jefferson Lab)

“For example, right now we see large asymmetry between matter and antimatter in the universe, and one of the goals is to search for maybe there’s some new symmetry violation beyond the Standard Model. The third goal is to understand why quantum chromodynamics (QCD) prevents quarks from being isolated via tests of fundamental symmetries at low energy,” Somov said.

Alongside these searches, the GlueX-II experiment collaborators are looking to expand their data on particles that include charm quarks, such as the J/ψ (J/psi) meson. While the more familiar protons and neutrons are made of up and down quarks, other subatomic particles include other quark flavors, such as the charm quark. These data offer a rare opportunity to look at in depth at how such particles are made.

“So that means we can do things like study J/ψ production with a lot higher statistics and look for the charm production mechanism with a lot more precision than we had before,” said Stevens.

As the collaborators prepare for their final data run, they have also already begun preparing for the next opportunity. The proposed GlueX-III run aims to increase the intensity of the photon beam. For GlueX, it achieved about 10 million photons per second, and GlueX-II has an intensity of about 50 million photons per second. The goal for GlueX-III is to slowly crank that up to around one hundred million photons per second.

“Once you understand the detector, you just drive up the rate,” Stevens said. “So, we’re going to keep pushing up the intensity as high as we can, because we just get more data. You can look at more rare decays, more rare processes.”

In the meantime, the collaborators have their hands full preparing for their next run this summer and are looking forward to what their data reveal about the light and dark sides of our universe.

Further Reading
GWU Research Magazine: The Particle Whisperers
UNCW: Undergraduates Step Into Physics Research
Technical Paper: Eta Decays with Emphasis on Rare Neutral Modes: The JLab Eta Factory (JEF) Experiment
Technical Paper: Update to the JEF proposal (PR12-14-004)
Technical Paper: Light monitoring system for the lead tungstate calorimeter in Hall D at Jefferson Lab

The research could help develop methods for reducing intense noise that threatens aircraft and ground crews

Newswise — Researchers from the FAMU-FSU College of Engineering and the Florida Center for Advanced Aero-Propulsion, or FCAAP, are helping to solve a safety challenge in military aviation: the extreme noise generated by supersonic jets during takeoff and landing.

The research, published in the Journal of Fluid Mechanics, demonstrates a new model for understanding how supersonic jets of air collide with the ground or other structures to create a resonant feedback loop that produces extreme noise that can reach dangerous volume levels.

The team examined jets like those found in a type of aircraft known as Short Takeoff and Vertical Landing jets, or STOVL. The ability to operate without a traditional runway gives these aircraft, such as the F-35B Lightning II, critical tactical advantages.

But as they descend toward the ground, their exhaust plumes interact with landing surfaces and generate intense noise, often exceeding 140 decibels, posing serious dangers to both aircraft structure and nearby personnel.

“Only a tiny fraction of the jet’s energy is transformed into sound, but this small fraction has a major impact,” said Farrukh S. Alvi, professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and former founding director of the Institute for Strategic Partnerships, Innovation, Research, and Education, or InSPIRE, and founding director of FCAAP. “The intense noise produced by jet engines can cause structural damage to the aircraft and damage the hearing of personnel on the ground. We are trying to understand the physics behind these supersonic jets and the noise they produce so that we can develop tools that can reduce their impacts. In fact, we have already had some success in developing techniques that can reduce jet noise.”

Why it matters

When the high-speed air coming from jet engines mixes with the ambient air, it creates large-scale disturbances that hit the ground, producing strong sound waves that propagate back toward the jet engine. This establishes a repeating, back‑and‑forth interaction and creates resonance, an example of a feedback loop, causing loud and repeating noise. For aircraft, these resonant vibrations accelerate structural fatigue and can generate hazardous low-pressure zones that can pull the aircraft toward the ground.

For crewmembers on the ground, sustained exposure to sound levels over 140 decibels can cause permanent hearing damage, even when wearing protective equipment. At peak intensities, extreme acoustic pressure can even cause organ damage.

 

An animation showing an aircraft using supersonic jets for a vertical landing. As it descends toward the ground, exhaust plumes interact with landing surfaces to generate intense noise, often exceeding 140 decibels, posing serious dangers to both aircraft structure and nearby personnel. (Courtesy of Myungjun Song)

 

 

A new approach to modeling jet resonance

The research team tested a supersonic, Mach 1.5 jet — 1.5 times the speed of sound — and adjusted nozzle pressure and the jet’s distance from the ground to simulate take-off/landing and make a range of measurements.

To see the airflow, they used a high‑speed camera and a specialized visualization technique called schlieren imaging that allowed them to ‘see’ the jet flow — including its large-scale disturbances and the sound waves generated in real time. At the same time, a highly sensitive microphone also recorded the sound produced by the jet.

When the jet is loud, the jet flow and the sound waves repeat at a regular rhythm, which is a characteristic of a resonant cycle. By matching images to a specific point in the cycle, the researchers developed a clear picture of the airflow and measured how fast large-scale disturbances in air moved and how sound waves traveled back toward the nozzle.

The researchers found that for many cases, the pitch — how the human brain perceives the frequency of sound waves — of the noise was primarily governed by acoustic standing waves, which appear stationary in space between the body of the plane and the ground. The findings reveal that the pitch is not primarily governed by disturbance velocity, thereby offering another perspective on the existing understanding of the resonance feedback. They also found that slower disturbances tend to be larger, consequently creating louder noise.

“That was surprising,” said postdoctoral researcher Myungjun Song, the study’s lead author. “We found that these acoustic standing waves are much more important in determining the pitch, while the size and speed of the disturbances decide the level or ‘loudness’ of the noise produced.”

The discovery offered the research team an insight. Because the disturbance speed has little effect on pitch, information about acoustic standing waves would be enough to predict the noise pitch.

The new model enables engineers to predict noise frequencies more easily during aircraft and landing pad design, a critical step toward protecting both aircraft structures and personnel from acoustic trauma.

World-class research facilities drive discovery

The experiments were conducted at FCAAP’s specialized research facilities, designed for advanced high-speed aerodynamic studies at the FAMU-FSU College of Engineering.

Researchers used the FCAAP’s STOVL facility, which offers cutting-edge flow diagnostic capabilities, and the hot jet facility, which can generate high-temperature, high-speed airflow in an anechoic chamber to allow for highly accurate acoustic measurements under realistic jet conditions.

“While jet propulsion is an important focus of our work, our research is not limited to it,” Alvi said. “The university and the college, through FCAAP, operates a polysonic wind tunnel that simulates supersonic flows up to Mach 6 — supersonic to hypersonic conditions. We also use our anechoic wind tunnel and subsonic wind tunnels for numerous other aerospace related research projects. Together, these facilities and the expertise of our researchers create a one-of-a-kind ecosystem for conducting leading-edge research in aerospace and aviation.”

An associated initiative, InSPIRE is an FSU-led effort to establish a new aerospace and advanced manufacturing hub in Bay County, Florida. The program builds on FCAAP’s foundation to develop complementary facilities for larger hypersonic wind tunnels that can handle a wider range of conditions for applied, industry-relevant research.

“In partnership with industry, InSPIRE is also integrating advanced manufacturing capabilities that will allow much more efficient test and evaluation and assist our industry partners to innovate manufacturing processes in a realistic factory-modeled setting,” said Alvi, the former director of InSPIRE. “Working with industry partners allows our researchers to use their expertise to solve the pressing and difficult problems that are directly relevant for industry.”

Research team and support

The project was a collaborative effort involving Song, the study’s lead author; Alvi; and graduate student Serdar Seçkin.

Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research, with additional support from the National Science Foundation, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, FCAAP, the FAMU-FSU College of Engineering and the Don Fuqua Eminent Scholar Fund.

 

 

BYLINE: Kitta MacPherson

Newswise — Meteor impacts may have helped spark life on Earth, creating hot, chemical-rich environments where the first living cells could take shape, according to research integrated by a recent Rutgers University graduate.

“No one knows, from a scientific perspective, how life could have been formed from an early Earth that had no life,” said Shea Cinquemani, who earned her bachelor’s degree in marine biology and fisheries management from the Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences in May 2025. “How does something come from nothing?”

 Cinquemani is the lead author of a scientific review, published in the peer-reviewed Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, examining where life may have first formed on Earth. The paper focuses on hydrothermal vents, places where hot, mineral-rich water flows through rock and emerges into surrounding water, creating the chemical conditions and energy gradients needed for complex reactions.

 Her research points to hydrothermal systems created by meteor impacts as a potentially critical and underappreciated setting for the origin of life, strengthening the case beyond conventional deep-sea vent theories. Cinquemani said such systems would have been widespread on early Earth, making them especially compelling environments for life to begin.

 The paper, co-authored with Rutgers oceanographer Richard Lutz, marks a rare achievement for a recent undergraduate whose work began as a class assignment and was transformed into a publication in a highly respected scientific journal.

 “It’s amazing,” Lutz said. “You often have undergraduates that are part of papers – faculty choose undergraduates all the time to work on papers and projects. But for an undergraduate to be the lead author is a huge deal.” 

 The project started in the spring of Cinquemani’s senior year in a course called “Hydrothermal Vents,” taught by Lutz, a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences. Cinquemani’s assignment was to examine whether hydrothermal vents on Mars could have been harbingers of life there.

 “I was like, ‘I know nothing about this topic,’” she said. “Thinking about the origins of biology on another planet was like, whoa. Not sure how I’m going to do this.” The topic went beyond her usual comfort zone of biology and extended into chemistry, physics and geology, she said.

 Cinquemani expanded the assignment after graduation into a full scientific review of both impact-generated and deep-sea vent systems, which was accepted after what Lutz described as a demanding peer-review evaluation.

 “I have never seen such a rigorous review process,” Lutz said. “There were 15 pages of comments and five different rounds of reviews. She had the patience and perseverance, and the paper turned out magnificently.”

 Deep-sea hydrothermal vents have long been considered a possible birthplace of life. Discovered in the deep ocean in the late 1970s, these systems host entire ecosystems that thrive without sunlight. Instead of photosynthesis, microbes use chemical energy from compounds released by vent fluids, such as hydrogen sulfide, in a process known as chemosynthesis.

 Some deep-sea vents are powered by heat from the Earth’s interior near volcanic activity while others are driven by chemical reactions between water and rock that generate heat without magma. This heat facilitates chemical processes and provides a warm oasis in the otherwise barren seafloor of the deep ocean. 

 Cinquemani’s paper places more focus on a different category that has recently begun gaining attention: hydrothermal systems created by meteor impacts.

 When a large meteor strikes Earth, the impact generates intense heat and melts surrounding rock. As the area cools and water fills the crater, a hot, mineral-rich environment can form, similar in some ways to deep-sea vents.

 “You have a lake surrounding a very, very warm center,” Cinquemani said. “And now you get a hydrothermal vent system, just like in the deep sea, but made by the heat from an impact.”

 To explore how these systems might support life, she examined research on three well-studied crater sites that span vastly different periods of Earth’s history. The oldest is the Chicxulub impact structure beneath Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula, formed about 65 million years ago and later shown to have hosted a long-lived hydrothermal system. Next is the Haughton impact structure in the Canadian Arctic, formed about 31 million years ago. The youngest is Lonar Lake in India, created about 50,000 years ago, where the crater still contains water and offers clues about how these systems evolve over time.

 These impact-generated systems may last thousands to tens of thousands of years, giving simple molecules time to form more complex structures that could lead to life.

 Scientists say such environments may have been especially important on early Earth, which experienced frequent asteroid impacts. In that sense, events often seen as destructive also may have helped create the conditions for life.

 The idea builds on decades of research into deep-sea vents while expanding the search for life’s origins into new territory.

 Lutz helped explore these deep-sea environments several decades ago when they were still a scientific mystery. As a young postdoctoral researcher, he joined the first biological expedition to study hydrothermal vents and descended more than a mile beneath the ocean surface in the research deep-sea submersible Alvin, where he observed thriving communities of organisms in total darkness.

 Those dives helped open a new field of research and shaped scientists’ understanding of how life can exist in extreme environments without sunlight.

 “We have talked for many years about the possibility that life may have originated at deep-sea hydrothermal vents,” Lutz said.

 Cinquemani’s work brings together those long-standing ideas with newer evidence that impact-generated systems also could play a role and may in some cases offer favorable conditions for early chemical reactions.

 The implications extend beyond Earth. Hydrothermal activity is thought to exist on the ocean floors of icy moons such as Jupiter’s Europa and Saturn’s Enceladus, and may have existed in impact craters on young Mars. If these environments on Earth can support the chemistry of life, they could become key targets in the search for life elsewhere.

 For Cinquemani, the work is driven by curiosity.

 “Humans are insanely curious beings,” said Cinquemani, who works as a technician at Rutgers’ New Jersey Aquaculture Innovation Center in Cape May, N.J., where she supports aquaculture research while preparing to pursue advanced study in marine science. “We question everything. We may never know exactly how we began, but we can try our best to understand how things might have occurred.”

Explore more of the ways Rutgers research is shaping the future.

Journal Link: Physical Review Letters, 135 091401 (2025)

Newswise — In the air people breathe, the water on the Earth, the stars in the sky and more, atoms are the building blocks that make up the universe. Understanding the structure of the atomic nucleus is crucial for research with implications for astrophysics and in applications such as medical imaging and data storage.

A new study conducted by Department of Physics researchers using the John D. Fox Superconducting Linear Accelerator Laboratory at Florida State University examined titanium-50 nuclei and showed that a long‑standing explanation for where magnetism in atomic nuclei comes from does not fully work for titanium‑50. The research, which was published in Physical Review Letters, suggests that scientists may need to rethink how they explain nuclear magnetism.

“What current models propose is that magnetic strength is largely generated by spin-flip excitations, that means when flipping proton or neutron spins from up to down between so-called spin-orbit partner orbitals,” said Associate Professor Mark Spieker, a co-author on the multi-institution study. “For the first time, we showed that this type of spin-flip cannot be the only mechanism that generates nuclear magnetism.”

How it works

Current nuclear models treat protons and neutrons as individual particles that can occupy fixed energy levels. A spin-flip occurs when these particles change the orientation of their spin as they jump between levels, generating magnetic strength in the process. For many years, scientists believed that this spin-flip mechanism was mainly responsible for magnetic strengths, or signals, in atomic nuclei. Advanced computer modeling also predicted this behavior.

The FSU experiments showed something unexpected: nuclear excited states that clearly showed this neutron spin-flip structure were not the ones producing the strongest magnetic signals. In other words, having more of this neutron “spin‑flip” structure did not automatically mean a stronger magnetic effect.

What they did

The researchers conducted a neutron-transfer experiment at the John D. Fox Superconducting Linear Accelerator Laboratory, using the facility’s Tandem Van de Graaff Accelerator to direct a deuteron — a nucleus made of a proton and a neutron — beam at a thin foil of titanium-49. During the reaction, the neutron from the beam was transferred to titanium-49, producing titanium-50 and leaving a residual proton.

Scientists used the Super-Enge Split-Pole Spectrograph at the Fox Lab to measure the different angles at which the proton was emitted in the reaction, allowing them to analyze how the neutron was transferred to titanium-49.

“You could say that the deuteron beam hits the titanium-49, transfers a neutron, and in this process kicks it up a set of stairs. Depending on the nucleus, that set of stairs looks very different,” Spieker said. “With the spectrograph, we can measure how high the different steps are. How high we get up the set of stairs depends on the excitation energy that we give to the nucleus.”

They combined their results with previously published electron- and proton-scattering data and with data from new photon-scattering experiments conducted at collaborating universities. By combining all these approaches, they were able to closely examine how neutrons flip their spin and how much those flips contribute to the nucleus’s overall magnetic behavior.

The researchers saw that the magnetic signal observed in their experiments was not of the same strength as models predicted — a sign that something else must be contributing to the magnetic signals they measured for titanium-50.

“Without combining all these data sets, the story cannot be stitched together cleanly,” said Bryan Kelly, a graduate student at FSU and study co-author. “Seeing the other magnetic excitations, that the other probes are sensitive to, allowed us to conclude that the spin-flip mechanism between spin-orbit partners is not the sole factor of magnetic strength generation.”

Why it matters and future directions

The study’s results challenge long-standing assumptions about the magnetic behavior of nuclei. Improving scientific understanding of the structure of atomic nuclei will refine current models used across nuclear physics and astrophysics and will help to link these with models used in high-energy physics. Such combined efforts between different fields of physics lead to a better understanding of the building blocks of ordinary matter that shape our universe.

“Developing a better understanding of the universe is exciting and fascinating on its own, and as we learn more, we can possibly apply these new insights to all sorts of new ideas,” Spieker said. “All ordinary matter is made of atomic nuclei, so the more we understand these ‘building blocks’ of nature, the more possibilities we have for what we can use them for to benefit society and drive progress.”

In future studies, the researchers plan to examine what accounts for the unexplained magnetism in titanium-50.

“This research showed that we cannot rely on magnetic strength measurements alone to understand excited states of nuclei,” Kelly said. “Magnetic strength is spread out across several nuclear states and understanding why will require further investigations of the nucleus.”

Acknowledgements

Researchers from Florida State University, the Technical University of Darmstadt in Germany and the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory in North Carolina at Duke University contributed to this study.

This research was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, the German Research Foundation, the Institute of Atomic Physics in Romania, the Romanian Ministry of Research and the Romanian Government.

 

Newswise — The highly competitive NASA Hubble Fellowship Program (NHFP) recently named 24 new fellows to its 2026 class. The NHFP enables outstanding postdoctoral scientists to pursue independent research in any area of NASA Astrophysics, using theory, observations, simulations, experimentation, or instrument development. Over 650 applicants vied for the 2026 fellowships, representing an oversubscription rate of 27 to 1. Each fellowship provides the awardee up to three years of support at a U.S. institution.

Once selected, fellows are named to one of three sub-categories corresponding to three broad scientific questions that NASA seeks to answer about the universe:

• How does the universe work? – Einstein Fellows
• How did we get here? – Hubble Fellows
• Are we alone? – Sagan Fellows

“The 2026 class of the NASA Hubble Fellowship Program is comprised of outstanding astrophysics researchers who will advance NASA’s pursuit of big questions about how the universe works, how it evolved over time, and whether we’re alone in it,” said Shawn Domagal-Goldman, Astrophysics Division director, NASA Headquarters, Washington. “Through their compelling research, and by sharing the products of that work with the broader community, this year’s fellows will once again play an important role in creating our future and in inspiring future generations of students to be a part of that future. These scientists across the country will enhance the impact of U.S. academic institutions and will further American leadership in space-based astrophysics research.”

The list below provides the names of the 2026 awardees, their fellowship host institutions, and their proposed research topics.

The 2026 NHFP Einstein Fellows are:

• Hollis Akins, Princeton University, “Charting the Growth of the First Supermassive Black Holes through ‘Little Red Dots’”
• Dhayaa Anbajagane, Stanford University, “Building a Multi-Probe Approach to Primordial Physics”
• Hannah Gulick, California Institute of Technology, “Probing Compact Object Demographics with a New Generation of Space-Based Observatories”
• Casey Lam, Carnegie Observatories, “A Portrait of Galactic Black Hole Demographics”
• Benjamin Lehmann, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “New Tools for Dark Matter Physics”
• Sizheng Ma, Johns Hopkins University, “Listening Beyond the Ring: A New Paradigm for Black Hole Spectroscopy”
• Megan Masterson, Harvard University, “The Dynamic Astronomical Sky as a Probe of Supermassive Black Holes”
• Simona Miller, City University of New York, “Probing High-mass Binary Black Hole Formation and Fundamental Physics with the Remnants of our Cosmos’ Most Extreme Collisions”
• Martijn Oei, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, “The Widespread Impact of Megaparsec-scale Jets on the Cosmic Web”
• Frank Qu, Stanford University, “Mapping Dark Matter and Baryons Across the Universe with the Cosmic Microwave Background”

The 2026 NHFP Hubble Fellows are:

• James Beattie, Institute for Advanced Study, “The Glue Between the Stars: Unraveling Turbulence and Magnetism Across All Scales”
• Vedant Chandra, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Dark Matter at the Threshold of Galaxy Formation”
• Roman Gerasimov, University of Notre Dame, “New Frontiers in Galactic Archaeology”
• Jared Goldberg, Columbia University, “Massive Stars, Inside and Out: Bridging 1D and 3D Models of Stars and Supernovae”
• Vasily Kokorev, University of Texas at Austin, “The Cosmic Frontier: Uncovering Faint Galaxies that Ignited the Early Universe”
• Konstantinos Kritos, Stony Brook University, “Unveiling the Mystery of Massive Black Hole Seeds Through Gravitational and Electromagnetic Waves”
• Anna O’Grady, Carnegie Mellon University, “Stay Close to Go Far: Resolved Stellar Populations in Nearby Galaxies as Critical Benchmarks for Binary Evolution Models”
• David Setton, Johns Hopkins University, “A Multi-Wavelength View of Quenching Across Cosmic Time”

The 2026 NHFP Sagan Fellows are:

• Hayley Beltz, University of Kansas, “From Magnetic Fields to Measurable Signals: 3D MHD Modeling of Sub-Jovian Exoplanets”
• Rachel Bowens-Rubin, Harvard University, “From Ice Giants to Exorings: New Frontiers in Exoplanet Characterization with JWST & Roman CGI Direct Imaging”
• Collin Cherubim, University of Chicago, “Mass Fractionation in the Escaping Atmospheres of Small Planets, and the Hunt for Helium and Oxygen Worlds”
• Arvind Gupta, University of Arizona, “Securing the Doppler Legacy in the Hunt for Earth-like Exoplanets”
• Henrik Kneirim, California Institute of Technology, “Decoding the Formation of Extreme Giant Planets”
• Samantha Scibelli, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, “Zooming in on Prebiotic Chemistry at the Earliest Stage of Low-mass Star and Planet Formation”

An important part of the NHFP is the annual symposium, which allows Fellows the opportunity to present results of their research, and to meet each other and the scientific and administrative staff who manage the program. The 2025 symposium was held at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore. Topics ranged from understanding the atmospheric chemistry of nearby, rocky planets with NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope to observations of some of the earliest galaxies in the universe, and mapping the expansion of our universe with the latest data releases from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument. 

More information about the 2026 NHFP Fellows is available online.

The Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, administers the NHFP on behalf of NASA, in collaboration with the Chandra X-ray Center at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in Pasadena, California.

Newswise — The marginal ice zone marks the boundary between open ocean and sea-ice cover and represents one of the most dynamic environments in polar oceans. Ocean eddies generated near ice edges influence sea-ice transport, mixing processes, and energy exchange between the ocean and atmosphere. These rotating structures can redistribute floating sea ice, modify heat transport, and affect regional ecosystems and climate feedback mechanisms. However, direct observations of eddy evolution remain limited because of harsh polar conditions and sparse in-situ measurements. Satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has become an important tool for detecting eddies through sea-ice patterns, yet most previous studies mainly analyzed spatial distributions rather than the dynamic evolution of individual eddies. Because of these challenges, deeper investigation of the spatiotemporal evolution of ice-edge eddies is required.

Researchers from the Aerospace Information Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences reported a new framework for analyzing the evolution of ice-edge eddies using sequential SAR satellite imagery. Their findings were published (DOI: 10.34133/remotesensing.1031) on March 2, 2026, in the journal Journal of Remote Sensing. The study focuses on an eddy observed in the Fram Strait, a key passage connecting the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic. By integrating sea-ice motion tracking with hydrodynamic vortex modeling, the researchers quantified key physical characteristics of the eddy, including rotational velocity, circulation strength, and radius, providing new insight into polar ocean dynamics.

The study introduces a dynamical parameter inversion framework capable of reconstructing the structure and temporal evolution of ice-edge eddies. Using sequential SAR images, the researchers tracked the displacement of floating sea ice to derive high-resolution surface current fields. These currents were then analyzed using a vortex-based hydrodynamic model to estimate key parameters such as suction intensity, angular velocity, and circulation strength.

Applying the framework to an Arctic eddy revealed a complete life cycle lasting about 22 days. During the early stage, the eddy gradually intensified as both its radius and circulation strength increased. The vortex reached a mature phase when its structure became most coherent and energetic. Afterward, the eddy weakened and gradually dissipated. The results demonstrate how polar ocean eddies evolve dynamically and provide quantitative evidence of their growth, maturity, and decay processes. The research focused on the Fram Strait, where complex interactions between the southward-flowing East Greenland Current and the northward-flowing West Svalbard Current frequently generate ocean eddies. Researchers analyzed time-series SAR images collected by the Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B satellites, which provide high-resolution radar observations capable of monitoring sea-ice patterns regardless of cloud cover or lighting conditions. To reconstruct eddy dynamics, the team first tracked the displacement of floating sea ice between consecutive SAR images separated by roughly 50 minutes, allowing them to retrieve the horizontal surface current field associated with the eddy. The retrieved currents were then processed using singular value decomposition to isolate the dominant rotational component while suppressing background currents and noise.

Next, the Burgers–Rott vortex model—derived from the Navier–Stokes equations—was applied to invert the dynamical parameters describing the eddy. Analysis showed that the eddy radius expanded from roughly 28 km to over 35 km, while circulation strength peaked at about 4.5 × 10⁴ m²/s. The reconstructed current fields closely matched satellite-derived observations, confirming the reliability of the proposed method for capturing real ocean dynamics.

The researchers emphasized that ice-edge eddies are crucial components of polar ocean circulation. “These eddies strongly influence sea-ice redistribution and ocean mixing in Arctic waters,” the team explained. By enabling continuous monitoring of eddy evolution using satellite radar imagery, the new framework provides a valuable observational tool for studying ocean–ice interactions and improving understanding of polar climate dynamics.

The framework integrates satellite remote sensing with physical modeling techniques. Sequential SAR images were first preprocessed through radiometric calibration, filtering, and image registration. The displacement of floating sea ice between image pairs was calculated using a maximum cross-correlation method to retrieve horizontal current vectors. Singular value decomposition was then applied to isolate the dominant eddy structure from the current field. Finally, a Burgers–Rott vortex model combined with a Levenberg–Marquardt optimization algorithm was used to invert the eddy’s key dynamical parameters, enabling quantitative analysis of its evolution.

The proposed approach opens new opportunities for monitoring ocean dynamics in polar environments using satellite observations. As high-resolution SAR datasets continue to expand, researchers will be able to track multiple eddies simultaneously and analyze their interactions with sea ice, ocean currents, and atmospheric forcing. Such insights could improve numerical models of Arctic circulation and enhance understanding of how polar oceans respond to climate change. In the future, combining satellite observations with oceanographic models and in-situ measurements may provide a more comprehensive picture of Arctic marine processes and their global impacts.

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References

DOI

10.34133/remotesensing.1031

Original Souce URL

https://doi.org/10.34133/remotesensing.1031

Funding information

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 62231024).

About Journal of Remote Sensing

The Journal of Remote Sensing, an online-only Open Access journal published in association with AIR-CAS, promotes the theory, science, and technology of remote sensing, as well as interdisciplinary research within earth and information science.

Newswise — MINNEAPOLIS / ST. PAUL (03/18/2026) — University of Minnesota Twin Cities researchers working on the Super Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (SuperCDMS) experiment are part of a team who successfully cooled the experiment to its base temperature—the temperature required for the superconducting detectors to become operational, which is hundreds of times colder than outer space.

Reaching base temperature marks a major transition for SuperCDMS, from construction and installation to commissioning and science operations. For SuperCDMS, that temperature is thousandths of a degree above absolute zero, where atomic and molecular motion ceases.

The experiment is designed to detect dark matter particles—mysterious particles that make up 85 percent of all matter in the Universe—that are already passing through Earth. Dark matter remains strange and illusive but tremendously important to our understanding of nature, from the most fundamental particles to origins and evolution of the Universe.

“Getting to base temperature is a major milestone in a years-long campaign to build a low-background facility capable of housing our sensitive cryogenic solid state detectors,” said Priscilla Cushman, a professor in the University of Minnesota School of Physics and Astronomy and the Spokesperson of SuperCDMS. “At these extremely low temperatures, our installed detectors can now scan a whole new region of parameter space where the lightest dark matter particles may be lurking.”

The University of Minnesota team designed, procured, and assembled the low background shield that protects the detectors from trace radioactivity and neutrons produced by high-energy cosmic rays in the cavern walls. The four-meter tall, four-meter-diameter cylindrical enclosure is made of layers of ultra-pure lead to stop the gammas and high-density polyethylene to moderate the neutrons. 

In addition to major roles in the installation and cooldown of the experiment, University of Minnesota researchers have developed new reconstruction algorithms and analysis techniques designed to rapidly extract dark matter signals from the data that will be flowing in a few months. The group is at the forefront of the science effort, with the help of School of Physics and Astronomy Assistant Professor Yan Liu, who is the Analysis Working Group Chair for the experiment.

The SuperCDMS experiment is sited at SNOLAB, a research facility located roughly 6,800 feet underground in an active nickel mine near Sudbury, Ontario. Buried at this depth, the experiment is protected from cosmic rays and other background particles that could drown out the faint signals scientists are trying to observe.

With base temperature achieved, the collaboration will move into detector commissioning, a months-long process of turning on, calibrating and optimizing each detector channel. Beyond dark matter, SuperCDMS will allow scientists to study rare isotopes, probe energies no one has measured before and maybe uncover entirely new kinds of particle interactions.

The SuperCDMS experiment is a joint project of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Canada Foundation for Innovation and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

In addition to Cushman and Liu, the University of Minnesota team includes postdoctoral researchers Shubham Pandey and Himangshu Neog, research scientist Scott Fallows, and graduate students, Zachary Williams, Elliott Tanner and Chi Cap—all from the School of Physics and Astronomy.

For more information about the SuperCDMS experiment and collaboration, visit the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory website. Read the news release on the SLAC website.

BYLINE: Russ Nelson

Newswise — The University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), a part of The University of Alabama System, will host the Southeast Aerial Drone Competition (ADC) Regional Championship April 17–18 at Spragins Hall on the UAH campus. The event will bring middle and high school students from across the Southeast to Huntsville to compete in a series of team-based aerial drone challenges designed to test their technical knowledge, piloting skills and problem-solving abilities. Participants will apply science, technology, engineering and mathematics principles in real-world scenarios, demonstrating both engineering design and flight operations expertise.

The regional event is hosted by UAH’s Rotorcraft Systems Engineering and Simulation Center (RSESC), a research center focused on advancing innovation in aerospace systems and autonomous technologies. By serving as the site of the Southeast Regional Championship, UAH continues to strengthen its role as a leader in STEM education and workforce development, while connecting university research and expertise with K-12 outreach initiatives.

“At RSESC, we view the Southeast Aerial Drone Competition as an investment in the future of uncrewed systems, robotics and the STEM workforce,” says Justin Kumor, a principal research engineer at RSESC and UAH lead organizer of the competition. “Hosting this event reflects our commitment to developing talent, expanding opportunity and strengthening the partnerships that drive innovation.”

The championship is sanctioned by the Robotics Education and Competition Foundation (RECF), the governing body for the Aerial Drone Competition. The public is encouraged to attend and watch the competition, and admission is free.

 

Student teams must qualify at a REC Foundation–sanctioned qualifying event during the 2025–2026 season in order to compete. Participating teams represent middle and high schools from across the Southeast region, including Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee.

The ADC is a STEM-focused, hands-on experience in which student teams compete in four distinct missions designed to assess technical proficiency, teamwork and problem-solving skills:

• Teamwork Mission: Two teams work together in a timed match to score points collaboratively on a field designed for strategic drone operations.
• Piloting Skills Mission: An individual team pilots a drone through an obstacle course, scoring points for precision, timing and execution.
• Autonomous Flight Skills Mission: Teams program their drones to fly autonomously, completing tasks without manual control and earning points for successful autonomous operations.
• Communications Mission: Teams interview with judges and explain their work, design decisions, programming logic and logbook documentation — demonstrating both technical understanding and communication skills.

Volunteers needed

UAH is seeking volunteers to assist with the event. Volunteers play an essential role in the success of the Aerial Drone Competition, with several opportunities available for individuals of all experience levels. Field Reset volunteers support match operations by accurately resetting the competition field after each round and assisting the Field Manager or Head Referee as needed. This high-energy, physically active role is ideal for enthusiastic participants who can follow field diagrams, move efficiently and respond to direction.

Inspectors help ensure fair play by verifying that drones meet competition rules and specifications using a provided checklist. This moderate-activity role requires attention to detail, teamwork and the ability to follow established guidelines. No prior experience is required for either position, and training will be provided prior to the event.

The volunteer registration deadline is April 12. Students, faculty staff and community members are encouraged to participate. Those interested may register by filling out the ADC Volunteer Registration Form.

 

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Newswise — Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) transmit extremely weak signals that are vulnerable to interference and intentional jamming. Flex power technology allows ground controllers to redistribute signal energy, strengthening specific transmissions without increasing total satellite power. While this improves anti-interference capability, it also alters signal characteristics and introduces unexpected errors into high-precision positioning processes. Variations in signal strength can affect parameters such as code bias, satellite clock offset, and ionospheric corrections, potentially degrading positioning accuracy. Existing detection approaches remain limited, especially for the rapidly evolving BDS, and conventional processing models struggle to adapt to dynamic signal behavior. Based on these challenges, in-depth research is needed to understand and mitigate the impacts of flex power on satellite navigation performance.

Researchers from Space Engineering University, the Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunications Technology, the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Henan Polytechnic University, Shandong University of Science and Technology, and Wuhan University reported the findings (DOI: 10.1186/s43020-026-00190-3) in Satellite Navigation (2026) a comprehensive investigation into flex power operations in the GPS and the BDS. The study analyzed operational modes, developed a new detection method combining signal-to-noise measurements with hardware delay indicators, and evaluated impacts across positioning algorithms. Published in 2026, the work presents an integrated framework designed to maintain resilient PNT services under dynamically changing satellite signal conditions.

The team first examined how flex power redistributes signal energy across satellite channels. Unlike normal operations, flex power produces step-like variations in carrier-to-noise ratios, creating detectable signatures in observation data. Building on this insight, researchers proposed a dual-indicator detection approach combining carrier-to-noise density (C/N₀) measurements with hardware delay variations. This method significantly reduces false alarms while enabling accurate detection across both GPS and BDS.

The study then evaluated how flex power influences multiple components of high-precision navigation. Results showed that GPS signals remain relatively stable, whereas BDS satellites exhibit stronger sensitivity, with noticeable changes in code bias and observation consistency. To address these disruptions, the researchers introduced “resilient” estimation strategies that dynamically adjust processing models in response to flex power events.

New algorithms were developed for code bias correction, satellite clock offset estimation, and phase bias modeling, allowing navigation systems to switch seamlessly between normal and flex-power states. The framework also improves ionospheric modeling accuracy by compensating for signal fluctuations that traditional models treat as constant. Validation experiments demonstrated improved continuity and stability in Precise Point Positioning (PPP), confirming that navigation accuracy can be preserved even during active signal power redistribution.

According to the researchers, resilient positioning is becoming essential as satellite systems adopt more adaptive signal strategies. Flex power enhances anti-jamming capability but fundamentally changes signal behavior, meaning traditional static models are no longer sufficient. The team emphasized that detecting flex power in real time and adapting processing algorithms accordingly represents a key step toward next-generation integrated PNT systems. By linking signal monitoring with adaptive estimation, the approach ensures that navigation services remain reliable for both civilian and scientific users operating in challenging electromagnetic environments.

The proposed framework has broad implications for aviation navigation, autonomous transportation, disaster monitoring, and precision timing infrastructure. As GNSS systems increasingly employ adaptive transmission strategies to counter interference, resilient processing methods will be critical for maintaining uninterrupted services. The study’s detection and correction strategies could be integrated into global monitoring networks and next-generation GNSS receivers, improving robustness without requiring hardware changes. Beyond GPS and BDS, the methodology may also support future multi-constellation navigation systems, contributing to more secure and dependable global positioning services. Ultimately, the work advances the transition from static navigation models toward adaptive, interference-resilient satellite navigation architectures.

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References

DOI

10.1186/s43020-026-00190-3

Original Source URL

https://doi.org/10.1186/s43020-026-00190-3

Funding information

This research was funded by Scientific Research Key Laboratory Fund (Grant No. SYS-ZX02-2024-01).

About Satellite Navigation

Satellite Navigation (E-ISSN: 2662-1363; ISSN: 2662-9291) is the official journal of Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The journal aims to report innovative ideas, new results or progress on the theoretical techniques and applications of satellite navigation. The journal welcomes original articles, reviews and commentaries.