Newswise — Lithium-ion batteries currently dominate portable electronics and electric vehicles, but the uneven distribution and high cost of lithium resources have raised concerns about long-term supply. Sodium-ion batteries have emerged as a promising alternative because sodium is abundant, inexpensive, and widely distributed. Among the many cathode materials studied, layered transition-metal oxides have attracted particular attention due to their high capacity and relatively simple synthesis. However, these materials suffer from several major limitations, including structural instability, complex phase transitions during cycling, and poor air stability. When exposed to moisture or carbon dioxide, the active sodium can react to form inactive compounds, blocking ion transport and reducing battery performance. Based on these challenges, further research is needed to develop more stable cathode structures for sodium-ion batteries.

Researchers from Central South University and collaborating institutions reported (DOI: 10.1002/cey2.70115) a new cathode design strategy in the journal Carbon Energy that enhances the stability of sodium-ion batteries. The study introduces a layered cathode material with a radial gradient distribution of sodium content, phase structure, and transition-metal valence states. This structural design simultaneously improves ion transport kinetics and resistance to environmental degradation. By preventing harmful reactions with water and carbon dioxide, the cathode maintains its electrochemical performance even under humid conditions, addressing one of the key challenges limiting the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries.

To construct the gradient structure, the team first synthesized nickel–manganese hydroxide precursors with a core–shell configuration using a controlled coprecipitation method. The inner core consisted mainly of Ni₀.₅Mn₀.₅(OH)₂, while the outer layer had a different composition, forming a radial concentration gradient. During subsequent solid-state sintering, elemental diffusion gradually blurred the interface between layers, generating a continuous transition from an outer P2/O3 mixed phase to an inner O3 phase structure.

Advanced microscopy and spectroscopy techniques confirmed the presence of radial gradients in sodium concentration, phase distribution, and transition-metal valence states. This architecture provides multiple functional advantages. The surface P2/O3 mixed phase increases the oxidation state of transition metals, suppressing Na⁺/H⁺ exchange reactions and improving resistance to water and CO₂. Meanwhile, the O3 phase in the interior maintains high sodium storage capacity.

Electrochemical tests showed that the optimized material delivered significantly improved cycling stability compared with the conventional cathode. After 200 cycles, the modified sample retained about 80% of its capacity, whereas the unmodified material retained only about 21%. The gradient structure also enhanced sodium-ion diffusion kinetics and reduced polarization during charge and discharge.
Importantly, the cathode demonstrated remarkable environmental stability. Even after 10 hours of exposure to humid air containing CO₂, the material maintained a first-cycle capacity of 103.8 mAh g⁻¹, and the capacity loss decreased dramatically from 50.12% to 12.35%.

According to the researchers, the success of the design lies in integrating multiple stability mechanisms into a single architecture. The radial gradient structure simultaneously regulates composition, phase distribution, and electronic states across the material. This approach not only stabilizes the crystal lattice during repeated sodium insertion and extraction but also protects the surface from environmental reactions. The team notes that such structural engineering could serve as a general strategy for designing next-generation cathode materials with improved durability and safety, especially for large-scale energy storage technologies where cost and long-term stability are critical.

The findings provide an important step toward the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries. Because sodium is abundant and inexpensive, these batteries are considered strong candidates for grid-scale energy storage, renewable energy integration, and backup power systems. However, poor air stability of cathode materials has been a major obstacle to practical deployment. The gradient-structured cathode introduced in this study addresses this issue by preventing moisture- and CO₂-induced degradation while maintaining high electrochemical performance. In the future, similar gradient design strategies could be applied to other battery materials, accelerating the development of cost-effective and environmentally resilient energy storage technologies for the global transition toward clean energy.

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References

DOI

10.1002/cey2.70115

Original Source URL

https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.70115

Funding information

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52202338).

About Carbon Energy

Carbon Energy is an open access energy technology journal publishing innovative interdisciplinary clean energy research from around the world. The journal welcomes contributions detailing cutting-edge energy technology involving carbon utilization and carbon emission control, such as energy storage, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis and thermocatalysis.

BYLINE: Lauren Biron

Newswise — Although dark matter makes up most of the mass in our universe, it has never been directly observed. To hunt for lighter dark matter and other rare phenomena, researchers must solve a puzzle in their supersensitive detectors: an unexpected number of low-energy events, called the “low-energy excess” or LEE, that can obscure the rare signals they seek.

In a study published on Dec. 30, 2025, in Applied Physics Letters, researchers with the TESSERACT (Transition-Edge Sensors with Sub-EV Resolution And Cryogenic Targets) experiment identified one of the culprits behind the low-energy excess. They found that the noise comes not from the electronics or the surrounding environment, but from tiny bursts of vibrational energy within the silicon crystal of the detectors themselves. And the thicker the silicon, the more LEE events there are.

Since at least some LEE events come from tiny changes in the detector material itself, researchers estimate they also cause problems in superconducting qubits, the sensitive building blocks of quantum computers that are often made of silicon. The bursts of energy can create “quasiparticles” that disturb a qubit’s fragile quantum state, causing it to decohere or fail. So even in carefully shielded quantum systems, some errors could be coming from inside the house.

“Quantum computers could perform calculations our current systems can’t, but only if people can make qubits that are stable,” said Dan McKinsey, the director of TESSERACT and a scientist at the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), which leads the experiment. “Because the detectors we use for our dark matter experiment have a similar backbone to what is in qubits, by understanding a problem in particle physics, we’re also getting information on how to improve the quantum computing side.”

To pinpoint where LEE events were coming from, TESSERACT collaborators fabricated superconducting phonon sensors (which pick up quantum vibrations, or phonons) on two nearly identical silicon chips that were 1 and 4 millimeters thick. In both detectors, the number of events decreased over time as they were cooled, and the thicker chip saw four times as many low-energy events — pointing to the volume of silicon itself as the source, rather than outside causes.

Now that the scientific community knows the number of LEE events relates to how thick the silicon is, some groups will be able to improve their sensors simply by scaling back how much silicon they use. But it’s still just the first step in understanding exactly what causes the bursts of energy and finding an engineering solution to get rid of the background noise completely.

“Superconducting qubits for computers are designed to ignore the environment so that their quantum state survives,” said Matt Pyle, a TESSERACT collaborator, associate professor at UC Berkeley, and researcher at Berkeley Lab. “In contrast, our photon and phonon sensors use similar technology, but they’re designed to be incredibly sensitive to their environment so that they can sense dark matter. That makes our detectors unique and powerful tools for diagnosing environmental sources that cause decoherence and limit quantum computers.”

During the experiment, TESSERACT’s thinner detector also achieved a world-leading energy resolution of 258.5 millielectronvolts. That means it could distinguish between two events with energies differing by only a few hundredths of an electronvolt, several times smaller than the amount of energy carried by a single particle of visible light. That precision will allow scientists to distinguish extremely faint signals from background noise, essential for tracking down dark matter.

TESSERACT is currently in the prototype and construction phase, and will eventually be installed in France’s Modane Underground Laboratory. The TESSERACT collaboration also includes researchers at Argonne National Laboratory, Caltech, Florida State University, IJCLab (Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Iréne Joliot-Curie), IP2I (Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon), LPSC (Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie), Texas A&M University, UC Berkeley, the University of Massachusetts Amherst, the University of Zürich, and QUP (the International Center for Quantum-field Measurement Systems for Studies of the Universe and Particles).

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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) is committed to groundbreaking research focused on discovery science and solutions for abundant and reliable energy supplies. The lab’s expertise spans materials, chemistry, physics, biology, earth and environmental science, mathematics, and computing. Researchers from around the world rely on the lab’s world-class scientific facilities for their own pioneering research. Founded in 1931 on the belief that the biggest problems are best addressed by teams, Berkeley Lab and its scientists have been recognized with 17 Nobel Prizes. Berkeley Lab is a multiprogram national laboratory managed by the University of California for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science.

DOE’s Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit energy.gov/science.

Newswise — Five faculty members from Georgia Tech have been elected as senior members of the National Academy of Inventors (NAI). As members, they are recognized as distinguished academic inventors with a strong record of patenting technologies, licensing IP, and commercializing their research. Their innovations have made, or have the potential to make, meaningful impacts on society. 

 “The election of our faculty members to this prestigious association is a powerful affirmation of the innovative research happening at Georgia Tech,” said Raghupathy “Siva” Sivakumar, chief commercialization officer at Georgia Tech. “Their work to take research to market reflects the growing importance of invention in addressing society’s most complex challenges. This recognition signals the strength of the commercialization ecosystem at Georgia Tech to advance impactful research, encourage innovation, and prepare the next generation of inventors.” 

The 2026 Georgia Tech NAI senior members are: 

• Jason David Azoulay, associate professor, School of Materials Science and Engineering School and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
• Jaydev Prataprai Desai, professor and cardiovascular biomedical engineering distinguished chair, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering
• David Frost, Elizabeth and Bill Higginbotham Professor and Regents’ Entrepreneur, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
• Chandra Raman, Dunn Family Professor of Physics, School of Physics
• Aaron Young, associate professor, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering

Jason David Azoulay

Azoulay is recognized for pioneering new classes of functional materials through innovative polymer synthesis, heterocycle chemistry, and polymerization reactions. His work spans electronic, photonic, and quantum materials, device fabrication, and chemical sensing for environmental monitoring. He has demonstrated new classes of organic semiconductors with infrared functionality and holds nine issued U.S. patents. Azoulay is the Georgia Research Alliance Vasser-Woolley Distinguished Investigator and holds a joint appointment in the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry. 

Jaydev Prataprai Desai

Desai is recognized for advancing medical robotics and translational biomedical innovation with inventions spanning robotically steerable guidewires for endovascular interventions, minimally invasive surgical tools, MEMS sensors for cancer diagnosis, and rehabilitation robotics for people with motor impairments. He is the founding editor-in-chief of the Journal of Medical Robotics Research, has authored more than 225 peer-reviewed publications, and serves as the Director of Georgia Center for Medical Robotics at Georgia Tech. Desai holds 16 U.S. and International patents.  

David Frost

Frost has built a career at the intersection of civil engineering research and entrepreneurship. A leader in the study of natural and human-made disasters and their impacts on infrastructure, he has founded two Georgia Tech-based software companies: Dataforensics, which offers tools for subsurface data collection and infrastructure project management, and Filio, an AI-powered mobile platform that supports visual asset management in construction and post-disaster reconnaissance. In 2023, Frost was named a Regents’ Entrepreneur by the University System of Georgia’s Board of Regents, a designation reserved for tenured faculty who have successfully taken their research into a commercial setting. He holds four U.S. patents.  

Chandra Raman

Raman is a physicist, inventor, and technology entrepreneur whose research on ultracold atoms is enabling a new generation of ultraprecise quantum sensing devices. He is the co-inventor of chip-scale atomic beam technology — a breakthrough that makes it possible to miniaturize quantum sensors for navigation and timing applications in environments where GPS fails, with uses spanning autonomous vehicles, aerospace, and national security. Raman holds six U.S. patents, three of which have been issued and two licensed. To bring his inventions to market, he founded 8Seven8 Inc., Georgia’s first quantum hardware company. He is a fellow of the American Physical Society and an advisor to national and space-based quantum initiatives. 

Aaron Young

Young directs the Exoskeleton and Prosthetic Intelligent Controls Lab, where he develops robotic exoskeletons and intelligent control systems to improve walking function and physical capability for people with mobility impairments and industrial safety applications. His research has been supported by major federal grants from the National Institutes of Health, and he holds three U.S. patents. Young works with Georgia Tech’s Office of Technology Licensing and Quadrant-i to advance promising technologies toward real-world adoption. 

About Georgia Tech’s Office of Commercialization 

The Office of Commercialization is the nexus of research commercialization and entrepreneurship at Georgia Tech, bringing leading-edge research and innovation to market. It comprises six key units — ATDC, CREATE-X, VentureLab, Quadrant-i, Technology Licensing, and Velocity Startups — that empower students and faculty to launch startups, manage intellectual property, and transform research ideas into positive societal impact. Learn more at commercialization.gatech.edu. 

About the National Academy of Inventors 

The National Academy of Inventors is a member organization comprising U.S. and international universities, and governmental and nonprofit research institutes, with over 4,000 individual inventor members and fellows spanning more than 250 institutions worldwide. It was founded in 2010 to recognize and encourage inventors with patents issued from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, enhance the visibility of academic technology and innovation, and translate the inventions of its members to benefit society. Learn more at academyofinventors.org. 

Newswise — WASHINGTON, March 3, 2026 — When you reach the bottom of a container of milk or honey, you might be tempted to tip the container over to get that last pesky little bit out. After all, you only need another teaspoon for that recipe, and you’re sure it’s in there!

In Physics of Fluids, by AIP Publishing, researchers from Brown University present two related studies about thin film fluid flows in the kitchen: one about the relationship between how long it takes to tip the remaining liquid out of a container and its viscosity, and the other about the ideal time to wait before dumping water out of a wok to minimize rusting — it’s more effective to wait a few minutes to let the water accumulate so there’s more to pour out.

“The kitchen is sort of the prime laboratory,” said author Jay Tang. “It deals with a lot of chemistry, materials science, and physics.”

Most people have an intuitive sense of what viscosity is, often described as how thick a fluid feels. It is measured scientifically by applying a certain amount of force to a fluid and measuring its flow rate.

“If you want to empty a jar of water — a few brief seconds, and you have very little left. But if you try to empty a jar of honey, you need to wait longer,” said author Thomas Dutta. “How much longer? The viscosity can tell us.”

By measuring various examples, the researchers derived an exact equation for this flow. A particularly sustainable person can use this to decide how long to wait to collect 99% of what remains in their jar — but for most people, the intuitive understanding that something viscous, like honey or syrup, takes longer than water does will suffice.

“This tipping thing used to happen in my home when I was a kid,” said Dutta. “My grandma would do it with oil bottles or condensed milk.”

The same principle applies to drying out a wok. After washing and dumping out the initial water, Dutta and Tang calculated the ideal amount of time one should allow the remaining water to reaccumulate at its bottom before dumping it again — too long, and it will rust, but too short, and not enough of the water will pool. Figuring out just the right amount of time relies, unsurprisingly, on the viscosity of water. The answer: a few minutes.

“We use these common household examples to really try to show people in a quantitative way that these are all thin film fluid flow, and we can use fluid mechanics to calculate and predict and reliably estimate things,” said Tang. “The things people handle on a daily basis have a lot of physics behind them.”

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The article “Thin film flow in the kitchen” is authored by Thomas T. Dutta and Jay X. Tang. It will appear in Physics of Fluids on March 3, 2026 (DOI: 10.1063/5.0308586). After that date, it can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0308586.

ABOUT THE JOURNAL

Physics of Fluids is devoted to the publication of original theoretical, computational, and experimental contributions to the dynamics of gases, liquids, and complex fluids. See https://pubs.aip.org/aip/pof.

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Newswise — Polymers are fundamental to our daily lives, serving as the core components for a wide array of goods, including clothing, packaging, transportation infrastructure, construction materials and electronics. Advances in polymer science open pathways for recycling and upcycling waste materials into more valuable chemical feedstocks. They also can have an outsized environmental impact: many widely used polymers are Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), widely recognized as “forever chemicals.”

In a pioneering partnership to accelerate materials discovery with artificial intelligence (AI), researchers from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Meta have created the world’s largest open dataset of atomistic polymer chemistry — a trove of millions of quantum-accurate simulations designed to help AI model the complex behavior of plastics, films, batteries and countless everyday materials.

In a recent paper, the team details Open Polymers 2026 (OPoly26) – a dataset with an unprecedented number and diversity of polymer structures with corresponding simulations performed at quantum accuracy. OPoly26 is a massive reference library that enables AI to learn patterns from millions of pre-computed polymer structures in hours or days, addressing a longstanding gap in polymer data and laying the foundation for safer, faster and more sustainable materials design. The OPoly26 paper formalizes the dataset’s release and demonstrates how the data improves the performance of machine-learned interatomic potentials (MLIPs) on polymer materials.

The work builds on the Meta and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)-led      Open Molecules 2025 (OMol25) Dataset, which is making waves with its sweeping collection of open molecular data aimed at advancing AI-driven chemistry. The OPoly26 dataset contains more than 6 million density functional theory (DFT) calculations on polymeric chemical systems, making it nearly ten times larger than the next largest comparable polymer dataset.

LLNL’s partnership with Meta — described by LLNL materials scientist and OPoly26 co-principal investigator (PI) Evan Antoniuk as a “natural fit” — seeks to address this shortfall. By generating critical missing data on polymers with the shared goals of expanding and democratizing open datasets for materials scientists, the team hopes to accelerate the pace of discovery across polymer chemistry.

“This fills a huge gap,” said Antoniuk. “We see this as a community resource, one that we hope becomes the go-to starting point for anyone interested in performing atomistic simulations of polymers.”

LLNL contributed significant computational power and polymer domain knowledge — generating a diverse set of polymer structures and running simulations to help model how these polymers behave in real-world conditions. In turn, Meta contributed vast computational resources to perform 1.2 billion core hours of DFT simulations and train state-of-the-art MLIP models, leveraging the expertise that had already been refined during their earlier molecular effort.

“Meta’s partnership with LLNL demonstrates how open science and AI can accelerate breakthroughs in materials research,” said Rob Sherman, vice president of policy at Meta. “By making this dataset publicly available, we’re giving scientists potent new tools to address critical challenges in healthcare and beyond.”

LLNL is uniquely positioned to generate the OPoly26 dataset at the scale and fidelity required. Researchers tapped into LLNL’s Tuolumne, the world’s 12^th fastest supercomputer and companion to the exascale El Capitan, leveraging this hardware with their collective expertise to compress years of simulation work into months and enabling the dataset to reach a scale unmatched in polymer science.

“Comprehensive coverage of this chemical space is essential to the success of the OPoly26 dataset,” said LLNL staff scientist Nick Liesen. “We have worked to leverage pipelines that take us from a simple text string to fully atomistic representations of polymer dynamics at scale.”

Beyond performing all the DFT calculations, researchers at Meta trained and benchmarked machine-learned interatomic potentials at scale, enabling the team to evaluate how well AI models generalize across small-molecule and polymer chemistry. The paper reports substantial improvements in model accuracy when polymer data is incorporated alongside small-molecule training sets, highlighting the importance of training AI on data that reflects real-world complexity.

Understanding why certain polymers, including PFAS-based materials, resist chemical change requires models that can accurately describe both reactive and nonreactive behavior. Capturing this behavior under realistic conditions required careful attention to reactive configurations, according to LBNL chemist and OPoly26 co-PI Sam Blau, who also previously co-led OMol25.

“Reactivity — the breakage and formation of chemical bonds — is central to polymer synthesis, manufacturing, aging and recycling, and to nanoscale patterning of polymer thin films for semiconductor manufacturing,” said Blau. “By going beyond stable structures and explicitly sampling hundreds of thousands of reactive configurations, we aim to accurately describe the reactive events that often govern polymer behavior under real-world conditions.”

Beyond outlining how the dataset was generated and performing standard tests of MLIP performance, the OPoly26 paper also introduces an initial suite of polymer-specific evaluation tasks to benchmark how effectively these models capture simulated polymer phenomena and interactions, such as polymer solvation. Future work will include evaluating the MLIP models against experimental measurements, offering a gauge of how well they can capture real-world polymer properties.

“LLNL’s significant investment in high-performance scientific computing and computational materials science capabilities have been critical to achieving the scale needed to cover many thousands of distinct chemical structures,” said LLNL Materials Science Division Leader Ibo Matthews. “That scale is essential not only for generating the data, but for rigorously evaluating how well AI models perform across the full range of polymer behaviors relevant to real-world applications.”

With a focus on open collaboration, the team is making all data publicly available to fuel polymer advancements across academia, industry and government. The authors also emphasized that OPoly26 is being released under an open license to maximize reuse and reproducibility. Through this open approach, the partnership ensures that the benefits of this public-private investment flow broadly across the entire research community.

The team includes LLNL scientists Brian Van Essen, James Diffenderfer, Helgi Ingolfsson and Supun Mohottalalage, and polymer simulation experts Amitesh Maiti and Matt Kroonblawd from the Lab’s Materials Science Division. Co-authors also included LBNL’s Nitesh Kumar and Lauren Chua. Blau and Kumar’s work was funded by the Center for High Precision Patterning Science (CHiPPS), while Chua was supported by her DOE Computational Sciences Graduate Fellowship. LLNL’s Laboratory Directed Research and Development program funded the LLNL researchers.

This partnership was made possible through a data transfer agreement, facilitated by LLNL’s Innovation and Partnerships Office (IPO). IPO is the Laboratory’s focal point for industry engagement and facilitates partnerships to deliver mission-driven solutions that support national security and grow the U.S. economy. To connect with LLNL on industrial partnerships in Advanced Computing, AI and Quantum technologies, contact IPO Business Development Executive Clarence Cannon.

Newswise — Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT, President Young-Kuk Lee) announced that it has officially launched a research equipment training program for Uzbekistan researchers under a grant aid project supported by the Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA). The opening ceremony was held on February 23 at KRICT’s Didimdol Plaza, marking the start of the full-scale capacity-building program.

The ceremony formally introduced the “Research Equipment Invitational Training” program, a core component of the “Establishment and Capacity-Building Project of The Center of Chemical Technology in Uzbekistan.” Approximately 30 participants attended the event, including representatives from KRICT and KOICA project members, as well as Uzbek researchers in the field of chemistry. Participants shared the background and operational plans of the program and reaffirmed their commitment to close cooperation for its successful implementation.

The training program is a key human resource development initiative under the same capacity-building project. From February 22 to May 22, 2026, a total of 20 Uzbek researchers in the chemical field will participate in an intensive three-month training program in Korea.

The program aims to systematically cultivate core professionals with expertise in research equipment operation and analytical capabilities, enabling the future Uzbekistan Chemical Research Institute—The Center of Chemical Technology in Uzbekistan (UzCCT), currently being established by the Uzbek government—to operate independently and sustainably.

This project follows up on a request agreed upon by the leaders of Korea and Uzbekistan during President Shavkat Mirziyoyev’s visit to Korea in November 2017 to establish a chemical R&D center in Uzbekistan. The Uzbek government officially requested support for setting up a national chemical research institute modeled after Korea’s government-funded research institutes. In response, the Ministry of Science and ICT and KOICA have collaborated to advance this initiative.

Notably, this is the first blended financing project in Korea’s science and technology diplomacy history, combining concessional loans from the Export-Import Bank of Korea’s Economic Development Cooperation Fund (EDCF) with KOICA’s grant aid. The total project budget amounts to USD 47 million. Of this, USD 40 million in loans will support construction and equipment installation, while USD 7 million in grant funding will be allocated to master planning, human resource development, and joint research activities.

At the opening ceremony, officials underscored that this training program — backed by KOICA’s grant aid — extends well beyond technical instruction. It represents a strategic human resource development initiative aimed at strengthening UzCCT’s independent operational capacity and advancing its research and development capabilities.

The training curriculum integrates theoretical instruction with hands-on practice. It focuses on understanding equipment principles, field application in research environments, data interpretation, and ensuring the reliability of analytical results. Through this practice-oriented approach, participants will be equipped to independently operate research equipment and conduct analytical work at UzCCT upon completion of the program.

The invitational training program is regarded as a sustainable model for strengthening human capacity through KOICA’s grant assistance. It is expected to provide a foundation for UzCCT not only to enhance Uzbekistan’s chemical industry competitiveness but also to grow into a regional hub for chemical and materials R&D cooperation in Central Asia.

KRICT President Young-Kuk Lee stated, “This opening ceremony marks a starting point for Uzbekistan to build self-reliant chemical R&D capabilities through KOICA’s grant aid. Even after the training concludes, we will continue to expand bilateral cooperation through joint research and follow-up human resource development programs.”

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KRICT is a non-profit research institute funded by the Korean government. Since its foundation in 1976, KRICT has played a leading role in advancing national chemical technologies in the fields of chemistry, material science, environmental science, and chemical engineering. Now, KRICT is moving forward to become a globally leading research institute tackling the most challenging issues in the field of Chemistry and Engineering and will continue to fulfill its role in developing chemical technologies that benefit the entire world and contribute to maintaining a healthy planet. More detailed information on KRICT can be found at

Newswise — One of the United States’ most urgent challenges is securing a reliable domestic supply of critical materials and minerals essential for technologies like smartphones, satellites, computer chips, rechargeable batteries and advanced weapons systems.

Although the U.S. has deposits of nearly all critical materials, domestic mining is unable to meet demand, which is expected to grow over the next decade. Most extraction and processing occurs outside the country, particularly in China. This reliance on foreign processing can lead to disruptions that affect national security, economic growth and technological advancement.

“Critical materials and metals are crucial to our daily lives,” said Travis McLing, a subsurface research scientist at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). “However, we depend heavily on foreign entities, jeopardizing our technological leadership and national security. The supply chain needs to be connected and sourced in the U.S. It isn’t enough to mine materials here. We must also produce and refine them domestically. Our goal is to create a resilient supply chain from rock to final product.”

INL is collaborating with eight national labs and nearly 30 companies to develop technologies and processes that enhance domestic critical material mining and production. The short-term goal is to advance cost-effective, low-waste processing technologies that can be rapidly deployed. The long-term goal is to better understand critical material sources, intermediate states, separation processes and final products to reduce reliance on foreign mining.

“Our aim is to increase the recovery of minerals from both conventional and unconventional sources,” said Aaron Wilson, a chemical scientist at INL. “We want to help industry maximize recovery while minimizing waste and protect American workers and the environment.”

Mining and ore processing

After extraction, rocks undergo beneficiation, a process of crushing and grinding to separate desired materials from waste. These materials are then concentrated for easier transport and treated with heat or chemicals to fully extract and purify them. However, modern processing isn’t always sufficient and often produces significant waste.

“If you look at a copper mine, for example, mine ore only contains about 0.2% copper on the high end,” said McLing. “That means they have to process and throw away 99.8% of the rock to get the 0.2% they want.”

That waste may not be worthless. According to McLing, most processing facilities are designed to extract only one or two materials. Anything of value that requires a different extraction process is often lost or discarded. Building additional processing facilities at mines or sending the materials to other processing facilities might reduce waste and bolster domestic supplies of critical materials.

Compounding the challenge is the diversity of rock types that host critical minerals. Alkaline intrusive rocks, pegmatites and hydrothermally altered rocks are known for containing significant concentrations of critical materials. Each must be processed differently based on its characteristics.

Alkaline-intrusive rocks form when magma cools slowly underground and are rich in alkali metals like sodium and potassium. Pegmatites are igneous rocks with large crystals that often contain lithium and beryllium. Hydrothermally altered rocks have been changed by hot, mineral-rich fluids under high pressure, concentrating metals and minerals that are otherwise difficult to access.

Getting industry to invest in new technologies and processes can be difficult, especially since mining lacks the research capabilities of other resource sectors like oil and gas.

“There are challenges in engaging industry effectively,” said McLing. “But INL is well suited to work with mining companies to make the entire process, from mining to production, more economical and efficient.”

To improve efficiency and safety, INL is pioneering innovative technologies and processes that optimize mining, from extraction to final processing.

Innovations in mining and processing

INL is developing digital tools and robots to characterize ores, manage mining resources and process critical materials. Digital tools use remote sensing, autonomous mining equipment, digital twins and other computational technologies to improve efficiency. INL’s robotics research is advancing systems and sensors that can more effectively separate, process and recover materials.

Another area of focus is critical material extraction. INL is developing advanced analytical instruments capable of detecting and quantifying trace amounts of critical materials in natural water, mine tailings, recycled materials and other sources.

Mineral processing separates valuable materials from waste. Advanced separation techniques further isolate and purify critical materials, ensuring the high purity required for use in consumer electronics, competitive energy systems and national defense.

INL is also advancing a method called leaching, which uses a liquid, usually an acid or base, to separate critical materials from ores, batteries or electronic waste.

Impacts

“INL researchers are inventing the next generation of mining technology,” Wilson said. “Our work will minimize waste, enhance safety and increase recovery rates. We are experienced thought leaders creating the technologies the industry needs.”

INL’s innovative technologies are crucial for securing a reliable domestic supply of critical materials. By tackling mining and ore processing challenges, INL is enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of operations and supporting U.S. economic growth and national security. As these technologies evolve, they will help build a resilient supply chain that underpins America’s technological leadership.

“Critical material extraction is this generation’s moonshot,” said McLing. “We need to solve our supply chain in the next five to seven years. That’s a policy and technical solution to create a friendly supply chain that works for everyone.”

Newswise — As renewable energy deployment accelerates worldwide, large-scale energy storage technologies must become more affordable, safer, and resource-efficient. Sodium-ion batteries stand out because sodium is abundant and inexpensive, yet their commercialization is hindered by the lack of high-performance anode materials. Hard carbon is widely regarded as the most promising anode candidate, but its performance strongly depends on poorly controlled internal pores and defect structures. Excessive open pores often trigger electrolyte decomposition, unstable interfacial layers, and severe initial capacity loss. Based on these challenges, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on how molecular-level precursor design and interfacial regulation can jointly enhance hard carbon anodes.

Researchers from Jiangxi Normal University and Gannan Normal University report a new strategy to stabilize hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries, published (DOI: 10.1007/s10118-025-3461-0) online on November 19, 2025, in Chinese Journal of Polymer Science. The study introduces intramolecular heteroatom doping within polymer precursors, followed by controlled chemical presodiation, to engineer closed-pore structures and robust interfacial layers. This synergistic design significantly improves reversible capacity, initial Coulombic efficiency, and long-term cycling stability, addressing key bottlenecks that have constrained sodium-ion battery development.

The research begins by designing polymer precursors with specific functional groups—such as sulfonyl, ether, and carbonyl units—embedded directly within aromatic backbones. During carbonization, these intramolecular dopants decompose in a controlled manner, generating abundant closed nanopores while avoiding excessive surface area. Structural analyses, including X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering, reveal that the optimized hard carbon contains a high volume of closed pores that favor low-voltage sodium storage.

Electrochemical tests demonstrate that the optimized material delivers a reversible capacity of 307.9 mAh g⁻¹, with strong rate capability and minimal structural degradation. However, the researchers identified that irreversible sodium loss during initial cycling still limited practical efficiency. To address this, a brief chemical presodiation step was introduced, supplying sodium in advance and pre-forming a stable interfacial layer. As a result, the initial Coulombic efficiency increased dramatically to 94.4%.

Long-term tests further show that the presodiated hard carbon retains 93.6% of its capacity after 3,000 charge–discharge cycles. Microscopic and spectroscopic analyses confirm the formation of a thin, dense, and sodium-fluoride-rich interphase, which enhances ion transport while suppressing electrolyte decomposition.

“This work shows that the performance limits of hard carbon are not fixed but can be fundamentally reshaped through molecular design,” said one of the study’s corresponding authors. “By controlling how heteroatoms are incorporated within polymer precursors, we can regulate pore formation from the inside out. When combined with presodiation, this strategy not only boosts efficiency but also stabilizes the electrode–electrolyte interface over thousands of cycles. The results suggest a scalable and versatile route for building next-generation sodium-ion battery anodes.”

The findings offer important implications for the future of large-scale energy storage, particularly in grid applications where cost, safety, and durability are critical. The molecular-level engineering strategy demonstrated in this study can be extended to other polymer-derived carbons and potentially adapted for potassium-ion or multivalent battery systems. By simultaneously improving capacity, efficiency, and lifespan, the approach brings sodium-ion batteries closer to commercial viability. More broadly, the work highlights how precursor chemistry and interfacial control can be integrated to overcome long-standing materials challenges in electrochemical energy storage.

###

References

DOI

10.1007/s10118-025-3461-0

Original Source URL

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-025-3461-0

Funding information

This work was financially supported by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52403263), Technology Research Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education (No. GJJ2200385), and Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Nos. 20244BCE52213, 20242BAB23031 and 20232BAB204006).

About Chinese Journal of Polymer Science

Chinese Journal of Polymer Science is a monthly journal published in English and sponsored by the Chinese Chemical Society and the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. CJPS is edited by a distinguished Editorial Board headed by Professor Qi-Feng Zhou and supported by an International Advisory Board in which many famous active polymer scientists all over the world are included. Manuscript types include Editorials, Rapid Communications, Perspectives, Tutorials, Feature Articles, Reviews and Research Articles. According to the Journal Citation Reports, 2024 Impact Factor (IF) of CJPS is 4.0.

Newswise — NEWPORT NEWS, VA – The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) has selected DOE’s Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility to lead two research projects that will develop new technologies for better managing the waste from nuclear power plants. The $8.17 million total in grants come from the Nuclear Energy Waste Transmutation Optimized Now (NEWTON) program.

The goal of both projects is to improve existing particle accelerator technologies, one of Jefferson Lab’s key areas of expertise, and repurpose them for applications beyond fundamental research.

“Based on our own success in developing cutting-edge accelerator technologies to enable scientific discoveries, we believe that there is a contribution we can make with the experience we have gained over the last few decades,” said Rongli Geng, who is a principal investigator on both grants. Geng heads the SRF Science & Technology department in Jefferson Lab’s Accelerator Operations, Research and Development division.

Accelerator-Driven Systems Save the Day

According to ARPA-E, unprocessed used nuclear fuel “reaches the radiotoxicity of natural uranium ore after approximately 100,000 years of cooling. Partitioning and recycling of uranium, plutonium, and minor actinide content of used nuclear fuel can dramatically reduce this number to around 300 years.” The NEWTON program grants are aimed at enabling this recycling effort, so that it can be applied to “the entirety of the U.S. commercial used nuclear fuel stockpile within 30 years.”

This work is aimed at moving toward economic viability of transmutation of nuclear waste, a key priority of the NEWTON program. Specifically, the NEWTON grants will support the further development of accelerator-driven systems (ADS). ADS can transform highly radioactive and long-lived nuclear waste into less radioactive, shorter-lived materials, while also producing additional electricity.

An ADS is composed of a particle accelerator that propels a beam of high-energy protons at a target material such as liquid mercury. As the protons interact with the target, the material “spalls” or releases neutrons that are directed at containers of spent nuclear fuel.

“These neutrons will interact with these unwanted isotopes and convert them into more manageable isotopes that you can either try out for some beneficial use or bury underground. Instead of having a lifetime of 100,000 years in storage, for example, you can shorten the storage years down to 300,” Geng said.

Jefferson Lab’s Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) is a state-of-the-art particle accelerator that represented a huge leap forward in efficiency when it came online for its first experiment in 1995. It was the first large-scale installation of superconducting radiofrequency technology. Today, it supports the research for more than 1,700 nuclear physicists worldwide.

SRF technology powers many of the most advanced research accelerators in the world, including CEBAF and the accelerator that powers the Spallation Neutron Source at DOE’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Both accelerators are DOE Office of Science user facilities that enable research in the basic and applied sciences.

Improving ADS Technology

The first project aims to amp up the SRF particle accelerator components in ADS. The focus in this grant is on boosting the components’ efficiency.

In today’s world-class research machines, SRF particle accelerator cavities are made of a pure, silver-colored metal called niobium. Niobium becomes superconducting at extremely low temperatures, a key requirement for their efficiency. The downside to that efficiency is that big research machines must be supported by separate and costly cryogenic refrigeration facilities.

Recently, Jefferson Lab and other research facilities have found that coating the inside surfaces of pure niobium accelerator cavities with tin can make these components even more efficient, allowing them to not only operate at higher temperatures but also with standard commercial cooling units. This work builds on the research and development work supported by DOE’s Nuclear Physics (NP) program and NP’s Early Career Award (ECA) program.

The $4,217,721 grant will allow collaborators from Jefferson Lab, RadiaBeam Technology and Oak Ridge National Lab to further improve the cavities. The researchers plan to test niobium-tin cavities that have specifically been designed to accelerate protons for spalling neutrons. 

“Those are based on the mature Spallation Neutron Source cavity design, but we will add the new tin material on this existing design,” explained Geng. “So that will be tested together with our partners at Oak Ridge National Lab.”

A second goal of the grant is to design new SRF cavities that feature a more complicated design but will drive the machine efficiency even higher with enhanced neutron spallation.

“We’re going to design, build and test a new class of cavities called the spoke cavities,” Geng said. “Very likely, the whole machine will be based on this SRF technology, so this is the kind of innovation that is going to be an additive value.”

The Driving Force for ADS

The second project will focus on powering up the SRF accelerator cavities inside the ADS particle accelerators. For that, the researchers will turn to a common component that also powers the pops that turn ordinary corn kernels into light and fluffy popcorn: the magnetron.

In particle accelerators, magnetrons would provide the power that the SRF cavities harness to propel particle beams. The tricky part here is that the frequency of the energy supplied by the magnetron must match the frequency of the particle accelerator cavity, which is 805 Megahertz.

“We need a lot of power – 10 Megawatts or more. That’s why the efficiency becomes very critical,” Geng said.

For the $3,957,203 grant, the team will be working with Stellant Systems, one of the major players in magnetron manufacturing, to produce advanced magnetrons that can be combined to boost performance at the design frequency. The project team also includes General Atomics Energy Group and Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

“Stellant is tasked to design and prototype this new magnetron, and we’re going to collaborate with General Atomics and Oak Ridge National Lab to do the power combining test,” Geng explained. “That’s the main objective: demonstrate the high power, high efficiency at 805 Megahertz.”

He added that this work builds on research and development work supported by DOE’s Accelerator R&D and Production (ARDAP) program. This program helps ensure that new and emerging accelerator technology will be available for future discovery science and societal applications. Its support was instrumental in developing the technologies that are now at a place where they are ready to be adapted to contribute to the goal of safely maintaining the waste materials produced in nuclear power generation.

Both projects are also already on the path to commercialization of these technologies. By including commercial entities in these initial phases, Jefferson Lab and its partners are helping to not only transfer the specialized knowledge and expertise that will make the resulting technologies successful, but they are also developing these technologies with considerations of the capabilities of companies who would be manufacturing ADS and supporting their operations.

According to Geng, “The challenge is to really translate the accelerator science from where we are right now in terms of technology readiness to where the technology needs to be for this application.”

Further Reading:
Jefferson Lab Research and Technology Partnerships Office
Jefferson Lab Dedicates Niobium-tin Particle Accelerator Prototype
Benchmarking CEBAF
Supercool Delivery: Final Section of Souped-Up Neutron Source Trucks Out of Jefferson Lab
Jefferson Lab technology, capabilities take center stage in construction of portion of DOE’s Spallation Neutron Source accelerator
Smoother Surfaces Make for Better Accelerators
Adapting Particle Accelerators for Industrial Work
Mixing Metals for Improved Performance
Conduction-cooled Accelerating Cavity Proves Feasible for Commercial Applications
Liquid Helium-Free SRF Cavities Could Make Industrial Applications Practical
Award enables research for more efficient accelerators
Microwave Popcorn to Particle Accelerators: Magnetrons Show Promise as Radiofrequency Source

-end-

Jefferson Science Associates, LLC, manages and operates the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, or Jefferson Lab, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science. JSA is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Southeastern Universities Research Association, Inc. (SURA).

DOE’s Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, visit https://energy.gov/science

Newswise — Illinois Grainger engineers have identified a fundamental deformation mechanism that can be leveraged to greatly enhance the fatigue properties of metals, opening the door to a new strategy for designing fatigue-resistant alloys.

Metal alloys crack and fail through a mechanism called “fatigue” when repeatedly loaded and strained. While it is well known how to design alloys to withstand static loads and pressures, it is very difficult to design resistance to fatigue because it is difficult to predict how the underlying cause manifests at the atomic scale.

Researchers in The Grainger College of Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign have demonstrated that fatigue resistance can be greatly enhanced by controlling how metal plasticity, or irreversible deformation, localizes at small scales. It represents a new design strategy for engineering metallic alloys that are resistant to fatigue by leveraging unique deformation processes at the atomic scale.

“Transportation, space and energy all create environments where there is risk for fatigue, presenting a challenge to both safety and sustainability,” said materials science and engineering professor and project lead Jean-Charles Stinville. “Structural applications that involve high temperatures or radiation need materials resistant to fatigue, and our work shows how to design metal alloys that achieve this.”

These results were recently published in the journal Nature Communications.

Fatigue is governed by how a material accommodates plastic deformation, the irreversible rearrangement of its internal structure under repeated loading. As a material is cyclically loaded and unloaded, localized plastic deformation accumulates eventually leading to crack initiation. Paradoxically, materials engineered to withstand very high static loads often suffer from reduced fatigue resistance because their microstructure promotes strong localization of plastic deformation, accelerating damage accumulation.

“In alloys, plastic deformation tends to localize into discrete regions, which ultimately become preferential sites for fatigue crack initiation,” Stinville explained. “Because this localization emerges from complex microstructural and deformation processes interactions, it is difficult to predict where and how it will occur, making it challenging to account for during the engineering design stage.” 

Stinville and his collaborators examined whether fatigue resistance can be drastically improved by designing alloys in which plastic deformation is engineered to remain small and uniformly distributed rather than intense and highly localized.

“It makes sense intuitively, that spreading out the plastic deformation homogeneously makes reduces the impact of localized deformation, but experimentally demonstrating it was another matter,” Stinville said. “It required new technology capable of scanning large regions at very high resolution combined with theoretical support from density functional theory and ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations.”

The researchers used high-throughput automated high-resolution digital image correlation, a technique developed in Stinville’s laboratory, to map plastic deformation with unprecedented spatial resolution across large material regions. Unlike conventional methods, which must trade field of view for resolution, this approach captures fine-scale deformation over wide areas. These measurements revealed a delocalized mode of plastic deformation involving deformation processes called “dynamic plastic delocalization.” Mechanical testing showed to be directly associated with greatly enhanced fatigue resistance.

To make sense of the observed structural features, Stinville’s group collaborated with mechanical science and engineering researchers within the group of mechanical science and engineering professor Huseyin Sehitoglu, an expert in the theory and modeling of metal deformation. Computational modeling clarified the roles of chemistry and ordering on the observed delocalized plasticity in the tested materials.

Now that it has been confirmed that metal chemistry and structure can be used to generate homogeneous plasticity during deformation and therefore greatly improved fatigue resistance, the next step is exploring the potential of this result in material design strategies.

“Now that the fundamental mechanism has been identified, we can design new alloys chemistry that activates it to produce fatigue resistant alloys,” Stinville said. 

This study’s other contributors are Dhruv Anjaria, Mathieu Calvat, Shuchi Sanandiya, and Daegun You of Illinois Grainger Engineering; Milan Heczko of the Czech Academy of Arts and Sciences; and Maik Rajkowski, Aditya Srinivasan Tirunilai and Guillaume Laplanche of Ruhr Universität Bochum.